Particulate matter (PM) refers to tiny small particles that form in the atmosphere as a complex reaction between liquid droplets and solid particles in the air. These particles range in size and some like dust and smoke, are large enough to be seen with the naked eye, but some are smaller in size and can only be seen with an electron microscope.
PM2.5 refers to particulates that have a diameter of less than 2.5 micrometres, and are known as fine particles. These particules are especially dangerous due to their small size, which means they stay aloft in the air longer, increasing the chance for contact with them. In addition, their smaller size makes them easily inhalable, and they can get into the lungs and even the bloodstream, causing respiratory track problems and or worse.
There is a standardised measurement for the amount of PM2.5 matter in the air, and is measured on the Air Quality Index (AQI). PM2.5 concentration is measured in µg/m3 and the amount of time exposed to these levels of concentration. The normal time of measurement is 24 hours of exposure.
This is the safe level of concentrations for PM2.5 in the air over short periods of time. There is little to no risk associated with these levels. Over a 24 hour period, it is recommended to keep the average reading below 35 µg/m3.
This level of particulate matter can be considered unhealthy for sensitive groups, such as people with respiratory ailments, over a prolonged period of time. Taken over 24 hours, an average of 36 to 55 µg/m3 is also considered unhealthy.
People who are sensitive to particulate matter can experience respiratory problems at these levels, with the most vulnerable risking aggravation of heart and lung diseases.
This amount of particulate matter exposure over a prolonged period of time is considered unhealthy and can cause respiratory issues for all people of all age groups. Moving beyond 150 µg/m3 causes a significant aggravation to heart and lung function and can cause premature mortality among people who have cardiopulmonary diseases or the elderly.
At this level, steps should immediately be taken to reduce the exposure to the PM2.5 in the air.
SOURCE: US EPA
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